Chemistry Volume-1
Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations
- explain the importance of chemistry in different spheres of life.
- classify different substances into elements, compounds and mixtures.
- define atomic mass and molecular mass.
- define the amount of substance using SI unit 'mole'.
- describe Avogadro number.
- explain the relationship among mass, moles and number of atoms (or) molecules and perform calculations relating to the conversions.
- define equivalent mass and calculate equivalent mass of acid, base and oxidising/reducing agents.
- deduce empirical and molecular formula of a compound from experimental data.
- solve numerical problems based on stoichiometric calculations.
- identify the limiting reagent and calculate the amount of reactants and products in a reaction.
- define the terms oxidation, reduction, oxidant and reductant.
- predict the oxidation states of elements in various compounds.
- explain the process involved in a redox reaction and describe the electron transfer process.
- classify redox reactions into different types.
- formulate a balanced redox reaction from two half-reactions.
Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
- Recognise various atomic models
- Explain the dual behaviour of matter
- Derive de Broglie equation and solve numerical problems
- Explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and solve related problems
- Appreciate the signifi cance of quantum numbers
- Summarise important features of quantum mechanical model of atom
- Draw the shapes of various atomic orbitals
- Explain the Aufb au principle
- Describe Hund's rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle
- Apply the relevant rules for fi lling electrons in atoms and write the electronic confi guration of various atoms
Periodic Classification Of Elements
- recognise the development of the periodic table
- explain the work of Mosley's and modern periodic law
- outline the concept of grouping elements
- name the elements with atomic number greater than 100 using IUPAC nomenclature
- classify the elements into s, p, d and f blocks
- recognise the periodic trends and describe qualitatively the variation in periodic properties such as atomic radius, ionisation energy etc.
- explain the anomalies in the expected trend in the periodic properties
- calculate the effective nuclear charge using Slater's rule
- calculate the ionic radius using Pauling's method
- predict the probable position for a given element in the periodic table
- explain the anomalous properties of second period elements and the diagonal relationship
Hydrogen
- Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table
- Recognise the different isotopes of hydrogen
- Explain the methods of preparation of hydrogen.
- Explain the properties of hydrogen
- Appraise the uses of hydrogen
- Differentiate various types of hydrides
- Translate the knowledge of structure of water for explaining its physical and chemical properties
- Differentiate hard and soft water and select the suitable method for water softening.
- Recognise heavy water and explain its properties.
- Explain the preparation and properties of hydrogen peroxide
- List the uses of hydrogen peroxide
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
- Explain the properties of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
- Recognise the anomalous properties of Li and Be
- List the uses of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
- Describe the general characteristics of compounds of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
- Appreciate the biological importance of sodium and potassium, Magnesium and Calcium
- Explain the preparation, properties and uses of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, gypsum and plaster of paris.
Gaseous State
- State the laws governing an ideal gas
- Demonstrate gas laws in various real life situations
- Derive ideal gas equation and perform calculations using it.
- State the deviations from ideal behavior
- Derive van der Waals equation.
- Define Graham's law of diffusion
- Define compressibility factor
- Explain critical phenomena
- Derive critical constants in terms of van der Waal's constants
- Explain Andrew's isotherms of carbon dioxide
- Describe Joule – Thomson effect and liquefaction of gases.
Thermodynamics
- distinguish between the system and surroundings
- define closed, open and isolated systems
- distinguish between state and path functions
- describe the relation between internal energy, work and heat
- state four laws of thermodynamics
- correlate internal energy change (ΔU) and enthalpy change (ΔH)and their measurement.
- calculate enthalpy changes for various types of reactions
- apply Hess’s law to calculate lattice energy of crystals
- define spontaneous and non spontaneous processes
- establish the relationship between thermodynamic state functions enthalpy (H), entropy (S) and Gibbs free energy (G)
- list the factors that determines spontaneity of the process
- establish the link between ΔG and spontaneity, and the relationship between ΔG0 and equilibrium constant
Chemistry Volume-2
Physical and Chemical Equilibrium
- describe the meaning of equilibrium
- explain the dynamic nature of equilibrium involved in physical and chemical processes
- state the law of mass action
- deduce the expression for equilibrium constants, KC and KP
- establish the relationship between KP and KC
- predict the extent of reaction using equilibrium constant
- state Le-Chatelier’s principle
- explain the effect of various factors that affect a system at equilibrium.
- derive Van't Hoff equation.
Solutions
- describe the formation of different types of solutions
- express the concentration of a solution in different units
- prepare solutions of required concentrations by diluting the stock solution
- state Henry’s and Raoult’s Law
- explain the deviation of real solutions from Raoult’s Law
- correlate colligative properties of solutions with the molar masses of their solutes
- explain the abnormal colligative properties
- define Van't Hoff factor and calculate degree of dissociation / association
Chemical bonding
- describe Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bonding
- explain the octet rule
- sketch the Lewis structures of simple molecules
- describe the formation of different types of bonds and bond parameters
- sketch the resonance structures for simple molecules
- apply the concept of electronegativity to explain the polarity of covalent bonds
- describe VSEPR theory and predict the shapes of simple molecules
- explain the valence bond approach for the formation of covalent bonds
- explain the different types of hybridisation involving s, p & d orbitals and sketch shapes of simple covalent molecules
- explain the molecular orbital theory, calculate the bond order and explain the magnetic properties of H2 , O2, N2 CO and NO
- describe metallic bonding briefly.
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
- understand the reason for the tetra valency of carbon and shapes of organic molecules
- classify the organic compounds
- name the organic compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature and derive the structure from the IUPAC name
- describe various types of isomerism
- explain the principles of detection and estimation of elements in organic compounds
- describe various techniques used in the purification of organic compoundsunderstand the reason for the tetra valency of carbon and shapes of organic molecules
- classify the organic compounds
- name the organic compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature and derive the structure from the IUPAC name
- describe various types of isomerism
- explain the principles of detection and estimation of elements in organic compounds
- describe various techniques used in the purification of organic compounds
Basic concept of organic reactions
- understand the concept of organic reaction mechanism
- describe homolytic and heterolytic fission of bonds
- identify free radicals, nucleophiles and electrophiles,
- classify organic reactions into substitution, elimination, addition, oxidation and reduction
- describe electron movement in organic reactions
- explain the electronic effects in co-valent bonds
Hydrocarbons
- classify hydrocarbons according to nature of bond between the carbon atoms.
- name hydrocarbons according to IUPAC system of nomenclature.
- describe various methods of preparing hydrocarbon.
- interpret and use the following terminology in organic chemistry like free radicals, initiation, propagation and termination.
- describe chemistry of alkanes by the following reaction of halogenations, combustion, cracking.
- predict the formation of addition products of unsymmetrical alkenes which applies both Markovnikov’s rule and peroxide effect.
- deduce acidic hydrogen in alkynes.
- comprehend the structure of benzene, explain aromaticity and understand mechanism of electrophilic substitutions reactions.
- predict the directive influence of substituents on mono substituted benzene.
- recognize the toxicity and carcinogenic nature ofaromatic hydrocarbons.
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- classify the various organic halo compounds.
- name the organic halo compounds according to IUPAC system.
- recognise the nature of C-X bond.
- describe the general methods of preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes
- explain the physical and chemical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes.
- describe the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of halo organics
- explain the preparation and synthetic uses of grignard reagent.
- highlight the uses of poly halogen compounds.
- comprehend the environmental effect of polyhalogen compounds.
Environmental Chemistry
- Know the various concepts of environmental chemistry
- classify the various types of environmental pollutions.
- recognize the particulate pollutants and their effects.
- explain the cause and hazardous effects of acid rain, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and global warming.
- know the reason for water pollution and recognize the prescribed standard for drinking water.
- highlight the strategies to control various types of pollution
- appreciate the meaning of green chemistry and comprehend the importance of green chemistry in day today life.
